In the R code and associated inputs used to match latitude/longitude coordinates stored in RDS format to the PM2.5 data in RDS format, and convert to GeoTIFF:

• Suggestion to update R scripts using {raster}, {rgdal}, and {sp} packages to using {terra} and {sf} packages instead. The former packages are scheduled for deprecation soon (see: https://r-spatial.org/r/2022/12/14/evolution2.html)